Izalathisi eziphambili ezicetywayo kwiSishwankathelo seSicwangciso seMinyaka emihlanu se-14, kubandakanya amandla okuvelisa amandla apheleleyo kunye nomlinganiselo wamandla angengoweefosili, kulindeleke ukuba zifezekiswe njengoko bekucwangcisiwe. Ukhuseleko lwamandla lwabantu abangaphezu kwe-1.4 yeebhiliyoni luya kuqinisekiswa ngokufanelekileyo. Uphuhliso lwaseTshayina oluluhlaza nolunekhabhoni ephantsi lufumene ingqalelo yehlabathi, kwaye ilizwe liye laba ngumqhubi ophambili wotshintsho lwamandla kwihlabathi liphela. Kolu luhlu lulandelayo, ndiza kuchaza inkqubela phambili kunye nempumelelo kwiindawo ezine eziphambili.
Okokuqala, ixesha le-14 leSicwangciso seMinyaka emihlanu liphawula ixesha leminyaka emihlanu elibonakaliswa kukunikezelwa kwamandla amaninzi kunye nokuqina okuphuculweyo. Kwiminyaka emine yokuqala yesi sicwangciso, ukonyuka kokusetyenziswa kwamandla eTshayina kufikelele kwi-1.5 ngokuphindwe kabini kunexesha lonke le-13 leSicwangciso seMinyaka emihlanu. Kuqikelelwa ukuba ukusetyenziswa kombane omtsha kwiminyaka emihlanu kuya kudlula ukusetyenziswa kombane konyaka kweManyano yaseYurophu. Sikhawulezise ukwakhiwa kwenkqubo epheleleyo yokuvelisa amandla, ukubonelela, ukugcina, kunye nokusasaza ukuze kuhlangatyezwane ngempumelelo nemfuno yamandla ekhula ngokukhawuleza. Ngo-2024, ukuveliswa kwamandla kuzwelonke kudlule kwi-10 trillion kilowatt-hours, nto leyo ethetha isithathu sehlabathi liphela. Imveliso iyonke yamandla yayilingana neetoni ezimalunga ne-5 zeebhiliyoni zamalahle aqhelekileyo, ezimele ngaphezulu kwe-1/5 yexabiso lilonke lehlabathi, ukuqinisekisa ukunikezelwa kwamandla okuzinzileyo nokwaneleyo. Kwiminyaka emihlanu edlulileyo, ukwabiwa kwemithombo yamandla kuye kwaphuculwa ngakumbi. Uthungelwano lweziseko zophuhliso zamandla kuzwelonke, oluqala empuma ukuya entshona, emantla ukuya emazantsi, kunye nokudibanisa phesheya, luphuculwe kakhulu. Oku kutshintshe ngempumelelo izibonelelo zemithombo kwimimandla esembindini nasentshona zibe ziinzuzo zophuhliso kwaye kwabonelela ngesiseko samandla esiqinileyo kumaphondo amakhulu oqoqosho ukuba akhokele kuphuhliso. Kwingingqi yasempuma, i-40% yokusetyenziswa kwamandla ivela kwiindlela ezinkulu zokuhambisa amandla ezifana ne-"West-to-East Power Transmission," "West-to-East Gas Pipeline," kunye ne-"North-to-South Coal Transport." Siqinise ukunikezelwa kombane, ioyile, kunye negesi ukuze abantu baphile, sibeka phambili ukusonjululwa kwemiqobo kwaye siphucula rhoqo amandla okuqinisekisa ukufikelela kumandla kwiindawo zokuhlala. Ngexesha leSicwangciso seMinyaka emihlanu se-14, iTshayina yakhe inethiwekhi enkulu yokutshaja izithuthi zombane emhlabeni, enezikhululo ezimbini zokutshaja kwizithuthi ezintlanu, nto leyo ephucula kakhulu ukulula koluntu. Siphendule ngokukhutheleyo kwiintlekele zemvelo ezigqithisileyo, sibuyisela ukunikezelwa kwamandla ngesantya esikhawulezayo kwaye sikhusela iindlela ezibalulekileyo zobomi babantu.
Okwesibini, ixesha le-14 leSicwangciso seMinyaka emihlanu limele isigaba esikhawulezayo sotshintsho oluluhlaza kunye ne-carbon ephantsi. I-China iseke inkqubo yamandla avuselelekayo enkulu nekhula ngokukhawuleza kwihlabathi. Umlinganiselo wamandla avuselelekayo kumandla okuvelisa umbane unyuke ukusuka kwi-40% ukuya malunga ne-60%. Umthamo omtsha wonyaka ofakelweyo wamandla omoya kunye ne-photovoltaic uye wadlula ngokulandelelana imigangatho ye-100 yezigidi, i-200 yezigidi, kunye ne-300 yezigidi zee-kilowatts, nto leyo efezekisa uphuhliso olukhulu. Isantya kunye nobunzulu bolu phuhliso azikaze zenzeke. Ukusetyenziswa kwamandla kuya ngokuya kutshintshela kwimithombo eluhlaza. Phakathi kokusetyenziswa kombane iyonke, i-kilowatt enye kwiiyure ezintathu iveliswa kumandla aluhlaza. Kuzwelonke, umlinganiselo wamandla angengowe-fossil ekusetyenzisweni kwamandla iyonke kulindeleke ukuba unyuke nge-1 yepesenti ngonyaka, udlule kwi-20% ekujoliswe kuyo ngexesha le-14 leSicwangciso seMinyaka emihlanu. Okwangoku, isabelo samalahle kulindeleke ukuba sehle nge-1 yepesenti ngonyaka. Olu hlobo lubini lokunyusa amandla acocekileyo kunye nokunciphisa ukusetyenziswa kwamalahle kuphucule kakhulu uzinzo lophuhliso loqoqosho. Ngeli xesha, ukuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe kwemveliso yomoya kunye ne-photovoltaic eTshayina kuye kunciphisa ukukhutshwa kwekhabhoni ngama-4.1 eebhiliyoni zeetoni kwihlabathi liphela, nto leyo eyenza igalelo elikhulu kwiinguqu zehlabathi eziphantsi kwekhabhoni.
Okwesithathu, ixesha le-14 leSicwangciso seMinyaka emihlanu libona impumelelo enkulu kwisayensi yamandla kunye nobuchwepheshe obutsha. I-China ikhokela kwihlabathi liphela kubuchwepheshe obutsha bamandla kunye nezixhobo. Eli lizwe liphethe ngaphezulu kwama-40% eepatenti zamandla amatsha kwihlabathi liphela. Ukusebenza kakuhle kokuguqulwa kwe-photovoltaic kunye nomthamo we-wind turbine olwandle kuye kwabeka iirekhodi zehlabathi ngokuphindaphindiweyo. Kwiminyaka embalwa, ubungakanani bokugcinwa kwamandla amatsha bunyukile bafikelela phezulu kwihlabathi liphela. Iiprojekthi ezifana neSitishi samandla e-Baihetan Hydropower, izitishi zamandla enyukliya zesizukulwana sesithathu eziphuhliswe ngokuzimeleyo "i-Hualong One," kunye ne-reactor yesizukulwana sesine epholileyo ngegesi ephezulu zigqityiwe kwaye zaqaliswa ukusebenza. Ekuhlolweni kweoyile negesi, impumelelo yenziwe kubunzulu obungaphezulu kweemitha ezili-10,000 phantsi komhlaba nakwiindawo ezinzulu zolwandle ngaphezulu kweemitha ezili-1,000 ngaphantsi kolwandle. Ezi "zixhobo zibalulekileyo zesizwe" zibonisa amandla omelele esayensi netekhnoloji eTshayina. Iimodeli ezintsha zoshishino kunye neendlela ziyachuma. Uphuhliso lwe-microgrids ezikrelekrele kunye nezitishi zamandla ezibonakalayo lungene kwindlela ekhawulezayo. Uvavanyo olukhulu lokusetyenziswa konxibelelwano phakathi kwezithuthi kunye negridi luyakhawuleza. Ishishini lamandla liya lidityaniswa ngakumbi namacandelo afana nokuvelisa kunye nokuthutha. Amacandelo akhulayo kunye neendlela zophuhliso zihlala zisanda, zisiba ngumthombo ophambili wemveliso entsha.
Okwesine, ixesha le-14 leSicwangciso seMinyaka emihlanu liphawulwa kukuqhubeka kokuhlaziywa kwamandla kunye nokuqiniswa okuqhubekayo kophuhliso. Iindlela zesikhungo kunye neenkqubo zomgaqo-nkqubo zihlengahlengiswe ngokukhawuleza. Ukwakhiwa kwemarike yombane kazwelonke edibeneyo kuye kwakhawuleza. Amandla asebenzisa amalahle kunye nemithombo yamandla emitsha ingene ngokupheleleyo kwimarike, kunye nabo bonke abasebenzisi bemizi-mveliso kunye nabarhwebi abathatha inxaxheba. Inethiwekhi yeoyile negesi yesizwe sele imiselwe ekuqaleni. UMthetho waMandla ubhengezwe kwaye wasetyenziswa, uphucula ngakumbi iindlela zolawulo olukhulu kunye nolawulo lweshishini. Amandla emarike akhawulezisa ukukhululwa kwawo. Inani lamashishini abhalisiweyo kwimarike yombane lifikelele kwi-970,000, ngokuphindwe kahlanu kunango-2020. Amanyathelo alishumi okukhuthaza uphuhliso lwamashishini abucala aqalisiwe. Uninzi lwamashishini okuvelisa izixhobo ze-photovoltaic kunye namashishini angaphezu kwama-60% okuvelisa iiturbine zomoya ngawabucala. Kwiiprojekthi ezithile zamandla enyukliya, amashishini abucala anesabelo esifikelela kwi-20%. Kuyabonakala ukuba amashishini abucala abe ngamandla abalulekileyo ekuqhubeleni phambili utshintsho kunye nohlaziyo lweshishini lamandla.
Ukususela ekuqaleni kweSicwangciso seMinyaka emihlanu se-14, nangona kukho amandla anzima natshintshayo ngaphakathi nangaphandle, iTshayina ikhusele ngokuqinileyo ukhuseleko lwayo lwamandla kwaye yakha indlela yaseTshayina eya kuphuhliso lwamandla olukumgangatho ophezulu, inika imodeli exabisekileyo yotshintsho lwamandla kwihlabathi liphela.
Ixesha lokuthumela: Agasti-28-2025