Ngowama-2025, imigaqo-nkqubo emitsha yamandla yayisoloko iqaliswa, nto leyo eyayishiya imboni ixinene. Ngexesha elibalulekileyo xa lonke imboni ixakekile ijongene noXwebhu Nombolo 136, iKhomishini yoPhuhliso noHlaziyo lweSizwe kunye noLawulo lweMandla lweSizwe bakhuphe umgaqo-nkqubo obalulekileyo malunga noqhagamshelo oluthe ngqo lwamandla aluhlaza ("Isaziso kwiMiba ephathelele ukuKhuthazwa okuLungileyo koPhuhliso loQhagamshelo oluThe ngqo lwaMandla aluhlaza", emva koko olubizwa ngokuba "yiSaziso"), lubonelela ngenkxaso kwinqanaba lesicwangciso-nkqubo kushishino ukuze luhlole iimeko ezintsha zesicelo phantsi kwendawo yophuhliso lokuthengiswa kwamandla.
Enyanisweni, ngaphambi kokuba umgaqo-nkqubo wesizwe uqaliswe, amaphondo afana neJiangsu kunye ne-Inner Mongolia nawo ayekhuphe amaxwebhu afanelekileyo malunga noqhagamshelo oluthe ngqo lombane oluhlaza, kodwa bekungekho maxwebhu acacileyo okuxhasa iinkcukacha zokuphunyezwa koqhagamshelo oluthe ngqo lombane oluhlaza. Ukwaziswa kwalo mgaqo-nkqubo, okokuqala, kuchaze ngokucacileyo inkcazo yoqhagamshelo oluthe ngqo lombane oluhlaza, umlinganiselo wombane oluhlaza, iinjongo zophuhliso, kunye nokuxazululwa kweendleko kwinqanaba likazwelonke.
Nangona ukuphunyezwa koqhagamshelo oluthe ngqo lombane oluhlaza kusengumngeni kakhulu ekusebenzeni okusebenzayo, ukuqaliswa kwemigaqo-nkqubo yelizwe lonke kuye kwabonelela ngenkxaso ebalulekileyo yomgaqo-nkqubo kwisikhokelo esilandelayo sophuhliso lwamandla amatsha. Ngaphandle koko, uqhagamshelo oluthe ngqo lombane oluhlaza ngelungazange lwenze inkqubela phambili,” ingcali eqhelene nomkhwa womgaqo-nkqubo weshishini ixelele iPhotovoltaic.
Kwelinye icala, njengenye yeemeko zokusetyenziswa kwamandla amatsha kwindawo, ukuba uqhagamshelo ngqo lwamandla aluhlaza lunexabiso lorhwebo kuxhomekeke kwimeko ethile yomthwalo. Iiprojekthi ezinokusetyenziswa kwamandla amakhulu kunye nemfuno ephezulu yamandla aluhlaza zezona meko zibalulekileyo kwezorhwebo zoqhagamshelo ngqo lwamandla aluhlaza.
Uqhagamshelo oluthe ngqo lombane oluhlaza, ukhetho oluqhutywa ziimfuno ezininzi
Ngokwendlela echazwe ngayo ngokusemthethweni yiKhomishini yoPhuhliso noHlaziyo yeSizwe, ukuqaliswa komzekelo woqhagamshelo oluthe ngqo lombane oluhlaza kusekelwe kakhulu kwizizathu ezintathu: ukuhlangabezana nesidingo sokusetyenziswa kwamandla amatsha kufutshane, iimfuno zokusetyenziswa kwamandla aluhlaza abasebenzisi, kunye nokubonelela abasebenzisi ngeendlela ezininzi zokunciphisa iindleko zabo zombane.
Phakathi kwazo, ukusetyenziswa kwamandla amatsha kwindawo ethile kulula ukuba ishishini liqonde. Umzekelo, ukuzivelisa ngokwako kwe-photovoltaic kunye nokuzisebenzisa ngokwakho, kunye nokugcinwa komthombo-igridi-umthwalo-odibeneyo, zonke ziimodeli eziqhelekileyo zokusetyenziswa kwendawo. Uqhagamshelo oluthe ngqo lwamandla aluhlaza lufana kakhulu nentsimi yesebe yokuhlanganiswa komthombo-igridi-umthwalo-ogciniweyo kwaye luhlobo oluphantsi kweemeko ezithintelweyo.
Emva kokunxibelelana noshishino, iinkampani ze-photovoltaic zifumanise ukuba kukho iingxabano ezininzi malunga nokuhlangabezana neemfuno zombane oluhlaza zabasebenzisi. Abanye abantu bacinga ukuba ekubeni izatifikethi eziluhlaza zidibene ne-RE100, amashishini athumela ngaphandle anokuthenga ngokuthe ngqo izatifikethi eziluhlaza, ngoko ke kutheni efuna uqhagamshelo oluthe ngqo lombane oluhlaza?
Emva kokubonisana neengcali ezifanelekileyo, iingcali ze-photovoltaic zifumanise ukuba kwinkqubo efanelekileyo ye-European Union, izatifikethi eziluhlaza zaseTshayina azikho ngaphakathi komlinganiselo wokwamkelwa. Nangona ukuqatshelwa kwezatifikethi eziluhlaza zaseTshayina kwindlela yokulungisa umda wekhabhoni ye-EU kuye kwanda kakhulu ngokusebenzisa iindlela zokuthethana phakathi koorhulumente, okwangoku, i-EU's Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM) ayiqapheli naluphi na uhlobo lwezatifikethi eziluhlaza. Iqaphela kuphela itekhnoloji yonxibelelwano oluthe ngqo phakathi kwemithombo yokuvelisa umbane kunye nezibonelelo zemveliso, okanye izivumelwano zokuthenga umbane ngokwasemzimbeni (PPAs) ezisayinwe phakathi kwabavelisi bamandla kunye nabathengi.
Ngenxa yesi sizathu, xa kukho imfuneko enkulu yombane oluhlaza ovela kumashishini athumela kwamanye amazwe, uqhagamshelo lombane oluhlaza ngokuthe ngqo ngokuqinisekileyo lolunye lwezona ndlela zibalaseleyo. Ngaphambili, ukuqaliswa komgaqo-nkqubo woqhagamshelo lombane oluhlaza ngokuthe ngqo kwiPhondo laseJiangsu kwakusekwe kwiimfuno zokusetyenziswa kwamandla aluhlaza kumashishini orhwebo lwangaphandle. Imodeli yoqhagamshelo lombane oluhlaza ngokuthe ngqo, ngokubopha ukusetyenziswa ngokwasemzimbeni kunye neempawu zekhabhoni, inika amashishini indlela yokunciphisa ikhabhoni engabizi kakhulu nehambelanayo, ngakumbi efanelekileyo kumashishini ajolise ekuthumeleni kwamanye amazwe nasebenzisa amandla amaninzi.
Ukongeza kumashishini ajolise ekuthumeleni ngaphandle, abathengi abakhulu bamandla nabo bangabathathi-nxaxheba abaphambili kwimodeli yoqhagamshelo oluchanekileyo lwamandla aluhlaza. Phakathi kwamashishini asebenzisa amandla amaninzi njenge-aluminium ye-electrolytic, intsimbi, kunye nesamente, amanye anezityalo zawo zamandla obushushu. “La mashishini anemithwalo emikhulu yombane, ngokuxhotyiswa ngezixhobo zomoya, zelanga, kunye neendawo zokugcina, kunye nezinye izixhobo zokuhambisa, anokusebenzisa ithuba lesiphumo sobukhulu ukunciphisa amaxabiso ombane.
Kubikwa ukuba iprojekthi ye-oyile kwiphondo elithile lasempuma inokufikelela kwixabiso lombane le-0.2+ yuan nge-kilowatt-yure ngokuthelekisa isikhululo samandla saso sodwa kunye nezitishi zamandla omoya kunye nelanga, nto leyo ephantsi kakhulu kunexabiso lokuthenga igridi enkulu yamandla.
Ngaba imingcipheko yotyalo-mali ingathathelwa ingqalelo?
Emva kokuxoxa ngokuba ingaba imodeli yeshishini inokwenzeka na, ingongoma elandelayo exhalabisayo ngumba womngcipheko wotyalo-mali.
Enyanisweni, into efana noqhagamshelo oluthe ngqo lwe-green power kunye neemodeli zokugcina amandla ze-photovoltaic ezisasazwe kunye nezemizi-mveliso kunye nezentengiso kukuba ukuba kuvavanywa ngokwembono yotyalo-mali lomntu wesithathu, umsebenzisi ungoyena mntu ungaqinisekiyo, njengokubhanga kweshishini okanye ukwehla kokusetyenziswa kombane.
Le ngxaki yeyona ibangela iintloko ezibuhlungu kakhulu kuvavanyo lweshishini phantsi komzekelo wotyalo-mali lomntu wesithathu. Ayizizo kuphela iindlela ezimbini ezikhankanyiweyo apha ngasentla, kodwa ikwaneeprojekthi ezifana ne-hydrogen, i-ammonia kunye nokuveliswa kotywala ngamandla avuselelekayo kunye nokugcinwa komthombo odibeneyo-umthwalo-wegridi, ukungaqiniseki kwemfuno yombane okanye ukuthengiswa kwe-hydrogen, i-ammonia kunye notywala yeyona nto inzima kwizigqibo zotyalo-mali.
Eyona ndlela ilungileyo yokusombulula le ngxaki okanye ukuphepha lo mngcipheko kangangoko kunokwenzeka kukubopha utyalo-mali nabasebenzisi. Esi sisizathu esiphambili sokuba inani lemodeli yokuzityala imali yabanini be-photovoltaic kwimizi-mveliso nakwimizi-mveliso yezorhwebo kwimimandla yaseJiangsu naseZhejiang linyuke kwiminyaka emibini edlulileyo. Kwelinye icala, aba banini bepropathi banesidingo sokwenene sokunciphisa iindleko zombane nokusebenzisa umbane oluhlaza. Kwelinye icala, ukuzityala imali ngabanini kukwathintela ukungaqiniseki okunokujongana nako utyalo-mali lomntu wesithathu, njengokuguquguquka kokusetyenziswa kombane kunye namaxabiso ombane.
Ngokucacileyo, amagunya afanelekileyo kazwelonke nawo ayiqaphele le nto. "Isaziso" sicebisa ukuba imithombo yamandla yeprojekthi inokutsalwa imali kuyo ngabasebenzisi, okanye ngamashishini amatsha okuvelisa amandla okanye amashishini adibeneyo asekwe ngamaqela omabini. Imigca enikezelweyo yoqhagamshelo ngqo kufuneka, ngokomgaqo, ityalwe ngabasebenzisi kunye namaziko okubonelela ngombane. Ukuba umthombo wamandla weprojekthi kunye nomsebenzisi azilo qumrhu linye lotyalo-mali, isivumelwano sokuthenga umbane seminyaka emininzi okanye isivumelwano solawulo lwamandla sesivumelwano kufuneka sisayinwe, kwaye kufuneka kusayinwe izivumelwano kwimiba efana nokwakhiwa kwezixhobo zamandla, ukwahlulwa kwamalungelo epropathi, ukusebenza kunye nokugcinwa, ukuthunyelwa kunye nokusebenza, ubudlelwane bokuxazululwa, kunye noxanduva lokwaphulwa kwesivumelwano ukuze kuthintelwe amalungelo kunye noxanduva olungacacanga kunye nokukhusela ngokufanelekileyo amalungelo kunye nomdla osemthethweni wequmrhu lotyalo-mali.
Ke ngoko, eyona modeli ilungileyo yokunxibelelana ngqo nombane oluhlaza kukuzityala imali ngabasebenzisi. Kakade ke, amashishini eqela lesithathu anokuthatha inxaxheba kwiindibano ezidibeneyo zokubopha abasebenzisi kunye nokuzinzisa ulindelo lotyalo-mali.
Ukulinganisela iindleko zokusetyenziswa kombane kunye nokusasazwa kweenzuzo?
Ngokwembono yokusebenza okusebenzayo kwemodeli yoqhagamshelo oluchanekileyo lwe-green power, "Ukumelana okukhulu nokungaphumeleli kokukhuthazwa kweemodeli ezinxulumeneyo zangaphambili kwavela kwigridi yamandla. Le modeli ilingana nokuhambisa 'ikhekhe' legridi yamandla." Le yimvumelwano eqhelekileyo phakathi kwabo bathathe inxaxheba kutyalo-mali lweeprojekthi ezinxulumeneyo.
Ngoko ke, ukukhutshwa kolu xwebhu loqhagamshelo oluthe ngqo lombane oluhlaza kuye kwathathela ingqalelo izilangazelelo zamaqela amaninzi kangangoko kunokwenzeka. Ukuze kuthathwe uxanduva olufanelekileyo lolawulo lwenkqubo yamandla kunye noxanduva loluntu, kunye nokuphucula amandla eegridi zamandla zikawonke-wonke ukubonelela ngokuqhubekayo ngeenkonzo zolawulo lwenkqubo yonke yamandla, iSaziso sifuna ukuba iiprojekthi zihlawule iifizi zokuhambisa nokusasaza, iindleko zokusebenza kwenkqubo, izibonelelo ezisekelwe kumgaqo-nkqubo, iimali zikarhulumente kunye neentlawulo ezongezelelweyo, njl. ngokuhambelana nemigaqo efanelekileyo yamagunya eemali kunye namaxabiso eBhunga leSizwe. Iindawo azivumelekanga ukunciphisa okanye ukukhulula iifizi ezifanelekileyo ngokwaphula imithetho yesizwe.
Xa sijonga impendulo, impikiswano malunga neentlawulo ezifunekayo ukuze kuqhagamshelwe ngqo kumbane oluhlaza okhankanywe apha ngasentla yeyona inkulu. Abanye abantu abangaphakathi kushishino bakholelwa ukuba ukuba zonke iintlawulo eziza kuhlawulwa ziyafana nezo zegridi enkulu yombane, "umbuzo omkhulu kukuba ingaba ixabiso lombane kubasebenzisi bokugqibela liphantsi okanye libiza kakhulu kunelo legridi yombane?" Le yenye yemiba ephambili egqiba ukuba imodeli yeshishini ingasebenza na.
Iingcali ze-photovoltaic zidibene neengcali ezifanelekileyo zaza zafumanisa ukuba “Phantsi kwendlela eqhagamshelwe kwigridi, oku kubonisa ukuba ukusetyenziswa kombane kwamashishini kusafuneka kuqinisekiswe yigridi enkulu yamandla. Ke ngoko, iifizi ezifanelekileyo zokuthenga umbane kwigridi yamandla kufuneka zihlawulwe njengoko kuchaziwe. Nangona kunjalo, umrhumo wokuxhasa inxalenye yombane eqhagamshelwe ngqo kwigridi yamandla eluhlaza kufuneka uncitshiswe kancinci.”
Abanye abantu abanolwazi ngeshishini baye babonisa ukuba xa amandla aluhlaza eqhagamshelwe ngqo kwi-voltage ephantsi, iindleko zemigca ezinikeleyo zinokuba ngaphantsi kancinci kunezo zothumelo olude ngokunyusa amandla aphezulu kakhulu. Nangona kunjalo, kukho nembono yokuba umrhumo wemigca ezinikeleyo kunye nezinye iindleko eziqinileyo zisenokungabi naxabiso liphezulu kunokuthenga umbane kwigridi enkulu yamandla ekugqibeleni. “Ke ngoko, ukuba iprojekthi ingaphunyezwa kuxhomekeke ekubalweni kwezoqoqosho kweprojekthi nganye.”
Ngokuphathelele iindleko zombane, ingcaciso esemthethweni ikhankanye ukuba “Sifanele sikhuthaze iiprojekthi zoqhagamshelo oluthe ngqo lombane oluhlaza ukuze sisebenzise amandla azo okulawula, sonyuse umlinganiselo wamandla amatsha azivelelayo nazisebenzisayo, sinciphise imfuno yomthamo oqhagamshelwe kwigridi kunye nombane ofunyenwe kwigridi yombane kawonke-wonke, songe ngokufanelekileyo iindleko zamandla ombane kunye neendleko zolawulo lwenkqubo, kwaye sinciphise iindleko zokusebenza kweprojekthi.” Kwangaxeshanye, khuthaza iprojekthi yoqhagamshelo oluthe ngqo lombane oluhlaza ukuze ithathe inxaxheba kwimarike yombane iyonke, iphucule ngokuzimeleyo indlela yokuvelisa umbane kunye nokusetyenziswa kwawo, kwaye ifumane imbuyekezo efanelekileyo ngokurhweba ngamandla ombane kunye neenkonzo ezincedisayo phantsi kwengcamango yokuhlangabezana neemfuno zomlinganiselo wombane ofakwe kwigridi.
Kwelinye icala, xa kujongwa ukhuseleko lokusebenza kwegridi yamandla, "Isaziso" sikwabeke imida emininzi kwimithetho eneenkcukacha, kuquka nokucacisa ngokucacileyo ukuba iigridi zamandla amakhulu kunye neeprojekthi zoqhagamshelo oluthe ngqo lwamandla aluhlaza kufuneka zizalisekise uxanduva lwazo lokhuseleko kunye nobonelelo oluhambelanayo ngokwendlela yokujongana noxanduva, kunye nokubeka phambili iimfuno zeeprojekthi zoqhagamshelo oluthe ngqo lwamandla aluhlaza kwiinkalo zocwangciso, uqhagamshelo lwegridi kunye nokusebenza, zinika phambili ukuqinisekisa ukhuseleko lokusebenza kwegridi yamandla amakhulu.
Ukuqukumbela, njengoxwebhu oluthathe ixesha elingaphezulu kwesiqingatha sonyaka ukukhululwa, uqhagamshelo oluthe ngqo lombane oluhlaza ngokwenene luzise inkqubela phambili engakumbi ngokwenkqubo kunye nendlela yokusebenza. Olu xwebhu lukwaqwalasela ngokupheleleyo izinto ezifunwa ngamaqela amaninzi kwaye luzele ziinkcukacha. Nangona kunjalo, ngokwembono yeshishini, uqhagamshelo oluthe ngqo lombane oluhlaza alusebenzi kuzo zonke iimeko okwangoku. Luhlala lukhetho lokuqala kwiindawo ezisebenzisa amandla amaninzi, abathengi bombane abaninzi, imfuno ephezulu yombane oluhlaza okanye iindawo ezibuthathaka zegridi yombane.
Indlela engaphambili inde kwaye inzima, kodwa nokuba kunjalo, uqhagamshelo oluthe ngqo lombane oluhlaza lubonelela ngenye indlela entsha kwinqanaba elilandelayo lophuhliso lwamandla amatsha aseTshayina, kwaye lukwahlola indlela yamashishini aneemfuno ezifanayo.
Ixesha lokuthumela: Juni-04-2025